CASE STUDY: Goodfellow Materials Power Historic Fusion Ignition Breakthrough at LLNL
On December 5, 2022, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California achieved a monumental milestone: fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This historic demonstration marked the first time a laboratory experiment produced more energy from a fusion reaction than the energy used to initiate it: a condition known as ignition.
Goodfellow Ltd. is proud to have provided critical, specialized materials that contributed to this groundbreaking achievement, helping to overcome one of the major barriers to producing clean energy.
The NIF experiment involved firing the facility’s 192 powerful lasers onto a BB-sized target of deuterium and tritium (DT), heavier isotopes of hydrogen. By delivering 2.05 megajoules (MJ) of laser energy, LLNL scientists achieved a fusion energy output of 3.15 MJ, demonstrating a net energy gain. This peer-reviewed and externally verified result confirms the fundamental principles of inertial confinement fusion (ICF), marking a transformative breakthrough for fusion energy and a critical step toward the pursuit of limitless, clean power.
“Simply put, this is one of the most impressive scientific feats of the 21st century.” (U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm)
“This is the breakthrough everybody has been waiting for, and it is exciting to have played a small, but critical part in supporting them on their journey to this discovery.” (Dr. Aphrodite Tomou, Goodfellow’s Head of Technical)


The LLNL historic experiment achieved the first instance of scientific breakeven controlled fusion, with an energy gain factor of 1.5.
Materials Used in Fusion Research
Goodfellow Cambridge provides a comprehensive selection of advanced materials designed specifically for fusion research applications. Our materials meet the highest standards for durability, stability, and performance in extreme environments. Additionally, we offer custom manufacturing and material production services—if our standard product range doesn’t meet your needs, please contact us to discuss tailored solutions.
Metals with High Hydrogen Permeability for Fusion Research Applications
In fusion research, metals with high hydrogen permeability play critical roles in processes like hydrogen separation and tritium recovery. Goodfellow can support the following key metals and their alloys for optimizing hydrogen and tritium management in fusion reactors. Their selection depends on specific application requirements, including permeability, strength, selectivity for hydrogen and resistance to embrittlement.
Palladium (Pd) and Palladium Alloys
- Palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloys
- Palladium-copper (Pd-Cu) alloys
Vanadium (V) and Vanadium Alloys
- Vanadium-titanium (V-Ti) alloy
- Vanadium-titanium-nickel (V-Ti-Ni) alloy
Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Alloys
- Pure tungsten
- Tungsten-vanadium alloys
Nickel (Ni) and Nickel Alloys
- Nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) alloys
- Nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) alloys
Iron-Chromium-Aluminum (Fe-Cr-Al) Alloys
Zirconium (Zr) and Zirconium Alloys
- Zircaloy
- Zr-Ni alloy
Tantalum (Ta)
Pure Tantalum
Other Key Materials for Fusion Applications
Other key materials for fusion research available from Goodfellow include:
- Berryllium (Be)
- Ceramics (e.g. alumina, zirconia)
- Copper (Cu)
- Molybdenium (Mo)
- Niobium (Nb)
- Wollaston-Platin/Rhodium-Legierung (Pt90/Rh10) - Gespulter Draht Grade: Wollaston
Formula: Pt90/Rh10
Product Shape: Spooled
Diameter: 0.005mm
Length: 0.1m
Outside Diameter: 0.025 - 0.1mm
UOM Code: 000-066-13
Wollaston wire, Silver coated.
Overall outside diameter approx 0.025mm - 0.1mm.
The weight shown is for the core only.
The Silver outer sheath may be dissolved in aqueous 10% Nitric Acid.pro Stück.Ab 326,09 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattGrade: Wollaston Formula: Pt90/Rh10Product Shape: Spooled Diameter: 0.005mmLength: 0.1mOutside Diameter: 0.025 - 0.1mmUOM Code: 000-066-13Wollaston wire, Silver coated.Overall outside diameter approx 0.025mm - 0.1mm.The weight shown is for the core only.The Silver outer sheath may be dissolved in aqueous 10% Nitric Acid. - Silber/Zirconium/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag97/Zr2/Cu1) - Pulver Formula: Ag97/Zr 2/Cu 1
Maximum Particle Size: 45µm
Weight: 10000g
Colour: Green
UOM Code: 124-603-66
pro Stück.Ab 251,37 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag97/Zr 2/Cu 1Maximum Particle Size: 45µmWeight: 10000gColour: GreenUOM Code: 124-603-66 - Silber/Palladium-Legierung (Ag70/Pd30) - Röhrchen Formula: Ag70/Pd30
Outside Diameter: 2.2mm
Wall Thickness: 0.1mm
Inside Diameter: 2mm
Length: 100mm
UOM Code: 239-521-57
pro Stück.Ab 276,01 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag70/Pd30Outside Diameter: 2.2mmWall Thickness: 0.1mmInside Diameter: 2mmLength: 100mmUOM Code: 239-521-57 - Silber/Palladium-Legierung (Ag70/Pd30) - Lichtdichte Folie Formel: Ag70/Pd30
Härtegrad: Wie gewalzt
Dicke: 0,15 mm
Länge 1: 100 mm
Länge 2: 100 mm
UOM-Code: 853-615-42
pro Stück.Ab 522,61 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormel: Ag70/Pd30Härtegrad: Wie gewalztDicke: 0,15 mmLänge 1: 100 mmLänge 2: 100 mmUOM-Code: 853-615-42 - Silber/Gold-Legierung (Ag70/Au30) - Pellets Formula: Ag70/Au30
Maximum Lump Size: 4mm
Weight: 10g
UOM Code: 866-192-24
pro Stück.Ab 331,67 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag70/Au30Maximum Lump Size: 4mmWeight: 10gUOM Code: 866-192-24 - Silber/Gold-Legierung (Ag70/Au30) - Lichtdichte Folie Formel: Ag70/Au30
Härtegrad: Wie gewalzt
Dicke: 0,25 mm
Länge 1: 20 mm
Länge 2: 20 mm
UOM-Code: 530-210-45
pro Stück.Ab 0,00 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormel: Ag70/Au30Härtegrad: Wie gewalztDicke: 0,25 mmLänge 1: 20 mmLänge 2: 20 mmUOM-Code: 530-210-45 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Draht Formula: Ag72/Cu28
Diameter: 0.25mm
Length: 100m
Temper: As Drawn
UOM Code: 071-465-25
pro Stück.Ab 142,61 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag72/Cu28Diameter: 0.25mmLength: 100mTemper: As DrawnUOM Code: 071-465-25 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Stab Formula: Ag72/Cu28
Diameter: 2mm
Length: 1000mm
Temper: As Drawn
UOM Code: 619-935-81
pro Stück.Ab 149,15 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag72/Cu28Diameter: 2mmLength: 1000mmTemper: As DrawnUOM Code: 619-935-81 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Pulver Formula: Ag72/Cu28
Maximum Particle Size: 45µm
Weight: 50g
UOM Code: 063-953-51
pro Stück.Ab 213,52 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag72/Cu28Maximum Particle Size: 45µmWeight: 50gUOM Code: 063-953-51 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (AG95/Cu5) - Lichtdichte Folie Formel: AG95/Cu5
Dicke: 1 mm
Länge 1: 250 mm
Länge 2: 250 mm
UOM-Code: 344-349-77
pro Stück.Ab 0,00 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormel: AG95/Cu5Dicke: 1 mmLänge 1: 250 mmLänge 2: 250 mmUOM-Code: 344-349-77 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Lichtdichte Folie Formel: Ag72/Cu28
Dicke: 2 mm
Länge 1: 100 mm
Länge 2: 100 mm
UOM-Code: 310-875-26
pro Stück.Ab 124,46 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormel: Ag72/Cu28Dicke: 2 mmLänge 1: 100 mmLänge 2: 100 mmUOM-Code: 310-875-26 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Rundfolie/Rundblech/Scheibe Formula: Ag72/Cu28
Thickness: 0.05mm
Diameter: 4.2mm
UOM Code: 452-576-49
pro Stück.Ab 105,59 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag72/Cu28Thickness: 0.05mmDiameter: 4.2mmUOM Code: 452-576-49 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag85/Cu15) - Folie/Blech auf Rolle Formula: Ag85/Cu15
Temper: Hard
Thickness: 0.007mm
Coil Width: 0.1mm
Length: 0.5m
UOM Code: 450-676-31
pro Stück.Ab 153,67 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag85/Cu15Temper: HardThickness: 0.007mmCoil Width: 0.1mmLength: 0.5mUOM Code: 450-676-31 - Silber/Kupfer-Legierung (Ag72/Cu28) - Folie/Blech auf Rolle Formula: Ag72/Cu28
Thickness: 0.05mm
Coil Width: 100mm
Length: 0.1m
UOM Code: 279-647-58
pro Stück.Ab 190,02 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag72/Cu28Thickness: 0.05mmCoil Width: 100mmLength: 0.1mUOM Code: 279-647-58 - Silber/Antimon-Legierung (Ag99/Sb1) - Gespulter Draht Formula: Ag99/Sb 1
Product Shape: Spooled
Diameter: 0.5mm
Length: 0.025m
Temper: As Drawn
UOM Code: 608-346-85
pro Stück.Ab 255,41 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Ag99/Sb 1Product Shape: Spooled Diameter: 0.5mmLength: 0.025mTemper: As DrawnUOM Code: 608-346-85 - PTFE & Platin/Iridium-Legierung (Pt90/Ir10) - Isolierdraht Formula: Pt90/Ir10
Conductor Diameter: 0.025mm
Insulation: PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Insulation Thickness: 0.005mm
Length: 20m
UOM Code: 204-461-26
pro Stück.Ab 236,90 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Pt90/Ir10Conductor Diameter: 0.025mmInsulation: PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)Insulation Thickness: 0.005mmLength: 20mUOM Code: 204-461-26 - PTFE & Gold/Eisen-Legierung (Au99.93/Fe 0.07) - Isolierdraht Formula: Au99.93/Fe 0.07 (Atomic %)
Conductor Diameter: 0.1mm
Insulation: PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Insulation Thickness: 0.01mm
Length: 0.1m
UOM Code: 324-413-63
pro Stück.Ab 254,69 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Au99.93/Fe 0.07 (Atomic %)Conductor Diameter: 0.1mmInsulation: PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)Insulation Thickness: 0.01mmLength: 0.1mUOM Code: 324-413-63 - Polyimid & Platin/Wolfram-Legierung (Pt92/W8) - Isolierdraht Formula: Pt92/W 8
Conductor Diameter: 0.025mm
Insulation: Polyimide
Insulation Thickness: 0.007mm
Length: 20m
UOM Code: 011-005-74
pro Stück.Ab 132,93 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Pt92/W 8Conductor Diameter: 0.025mmInsulation: PolyimideInsulation Thickness: 0.007mmLength: 20mUOM Code: 011-005-74 - Polyimid & Platin/Iridium-Legierung (Pt90/Ir10) - Isolierdraht Formula: Pt90/Ir10
Conductor Diameter: 0.1mm
Insulation: Polyimide
Insulation Thickness: 0.015mm
Length: 10m
UOM Code: 211-298-38
pro Stück.Ab 176,66 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Pt90/Ir10Conductor Diameter: 0.1mmInsulation: PolyimideInsulation Thickness: 0.015mmLength: 10mUOM Code: 211-298-38 - Platin/Wolfram-Legierung (Pt92/W8) - Gespulter Draht Formula: Pt92/W 8
Product Shape: Spooled
Diameter: 0.025mm
Length: 100m
Temper: As Drawn
UOM Code: 118-875-10
pro Stück.Ab 164,48 €
Auf LagerMengenrabattFormula: Pt92/W 8Product Shape: Spooled Diameter: 0.025mmLength: 100mTemper: As DrawnUOM Code: 118-875-10
Working as your experienced partner in the nuclear fusion sector, we can find and supply the highest quality materials for your products. Our nuclear energy applications and innovative alloys can help you achieve unparalleled performance and better energy efficiency in building and plant design.
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Resources and References
Zinkle, S. J., & Was, G. S. (2013). Materials challenges in nuclear energy. Acta Materialia, 61(3), 735–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.004
IAEA (2016) https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1715web-46541668.pdf, accessed January 2023