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Germanium Single Crystal

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Composition: Ge Form: Single Crystal Material: Germanium CAS Number: 7440-56-4 Commodity: Metals Purity: 99.999% (5N)
Germanium Single Crystal is a high-purity, defect-controlled semiconductor form prized for its exceptional infrared transparency, high refractive index, and superior carrier mobility. Grown via advanced methods such as the Czochralski process or zone refining, it provides structural perfection and uniformity essential for optical and electronic applications. Industries use germanium single crystals in infrared imaging systems, photonic devices, and high-efficiency solar cells. Specific applications include ultra-precision machined diffraction surfaces for aerospace optics, non-reciprocal RF delay lines exploiting acoustoelectric effects for next-generation wireless systems, and isotopically engineered crystals for tailored IR absorption. In research, germanium single crystals are enabling platforms for nonlinear and acousto-optics, quantum photonics, and strain-engineered optoelectronic devices, making them indispensable to both cutting-edge scientific exploration and advanced industrial manufacturing.
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Material Properties

Atomic Properties
Element Value
Atomic number 32
Crystal structure Diamond
Electronic structure Ar 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Valences shown 2,4
Atomic weight( amu ) 72.59
Thermal neutron absorption cross-section( Barns ) 2.3
Photo-electric work function( eV ) 4.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% ) 72/ 27.4
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% ) 73/ 7.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% ) 76/ 7.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% ) 70/ 20.5
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% ) 74/ 36.5
Atomic radius - Goldschmidt( nm ) 0.139
Ionisation potential( No./eV ) 4/ 45.7
Ionisation potential( No./eV ) 3/ 34.22
Ionisation potential( No./eV ) 1/ 7.90
Ionisation potential( No./eV ) 5/ 93.5
Ionisation potential( No./eV ) 2/ 15.93
Mechanical Properties
Element Value
Hardness - Mohs 6.25
Material condition Polycrystalline
Poisson's ratio 0.32
Bulk modulus( GPa ) 73.9
Tensile modulus( GPa ) 79.9
Electrical Properties
Element Value
Electrical resistivity( µOhmcm ) 46x10⁶22°C
Thermal emf against Pt (cold 0C - hot 100C)( mV ) 33.9
Physical Properties
Element Value
Boiling point( C ) 2830
Density( gcm⁻³ ) 5.32@20°C
Thermal Properties
Element Value
Melting point( C ) 937.4
Latent heat of evaporation( J g⁻¹ ) 4516
Latent heat of fusion( J g⁻¹ ) 465
Specific heat( J K⁻¹ kg⁻¹ ) 322@25°C
Thermal conductivity( W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ ) 60.2@0-100°C
Coefficient of thermal expansion( x10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ ) 5.75@0-100°C
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Available Configurations

Properties common to all products in this list

Composition: Ge Form: Single Crystal Material: Germanium CAS Number: 7440-56-4 Commodity: Metals Purity: 99.999% (5N)

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Tolerances

Single Crystal
Orientation See Item
Thickness +2% / -1%
Length +2% / -1%