Germanium Rod

Germanium Rod is a high-purity semiconductor form characterized by excellent infrared transparency, high refractive index, and outstanding carrier mobility. Germanium rods are essential precursors for wafer slicing, optical machining, and advanced semiconductor device fabrication. Industries use germanium rods in infrared imaging optics, high-efficiency solar cells, and thermophotovoltaic systems. Specific applications include single-crystal rods optimized for multi-junction solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltages, rod-like carbon-germanium composites for improved structural and electrical performance, and high-purity rods analyzed for defect control in semiconductor manufacturing. In research, germanium rods are pivotal for exploring strain engineering in photonics, defect characterization in crystalline semiconductors, and the development of alloyed polycrystalline materials for energy conversion technologies. Their structural precision, optical properties, and semiconductor performance make them indispensable in both industrial production and frontier scientific studies.

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Tolerance

Properties

Reference & Citations

each

Tolerances

Rod

Diameter	=<10mm	±10%
Diameter	>10mm	±5%

Material Properties for Metals

Atomic Properties

Element	Value
Atomic number	32
Crystal structure	Diamond
Electronic structure	Ar 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Valences shown	2,4
Atomic weight( amu )	72.59
Thermal neutron absorption cross-section( Barns )	2.3
Photo-electric work function( eV )	4.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% )	72/ 27.4
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% )	73/ 7.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% )	76/ 7.8
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% )	70/ 20.5
Natural isotope distribution( Mass No./% )	74/ 36.5
Atomic radius - Goldschmidt( nm )	0.139
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	4/ 45.7
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	3/ 34.22
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	1/ 7.90
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	5/ 93.5
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	2/ 15.93

Mechanical Properties

Element	Value
Hardness - Mohs	6.25
Material condition	Polycrystalline
Poisson's ratio	0.32
Bulk modulus( GPa )	73.9
Tensile modulus( GPa )	79.9

Electrical Properties

Element	Value
Electrical resistivity( µOhmcm )	46x10⁶@22@22°C
Thermal emf against Pt (cold 0C - hot 100C)( mV )	33.9

Physical Properties

Element	Value
Boiling point( C )	2830
Density( gcm⁻³ )	5.32@20°C

Thermal Properties

Element	Value
Melting point( C )	937.4
Latent heat of evaporation( J g⁻¹ )	4516
Latent heat of fusion( J g⁻¹ )	465
Specific heat( J K⁻¹ kg⁻¹ )	322@25°C
Thermal conductivity( W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ )	60.2@0-100°C
Coefficient of thermal expansion( x10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ )	5.75@0-100°C