Bismuth Square Single Crystal

Bismuth Square Single Crystal offers exceptional electronic, thermal, and optical properties due to its defect-minimized, long-range-ordered crystal lattice. Its strong diamagnetism, high anisotropic electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity make it ideal for precision electronic and quantum materials research. Industries such as thermoelectrics, magneto-optics, and semiconductor device prototyping employ bismuth square single crystals for creating model systems, calibrating instrumentation, and testing novel device architectures. Specific applications include serving as substrates for thin-film epitaxy, model materials for electron–phonon coupling studies, and magneto-optical calibration standards. In research, the controlled growth and structural uniformity of bismuth square crystals are critical for understanding topological surface states, optimizing thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and advancing low-temperature electronic devices. Their combination of purity, anisotropy, and reproducibility ensures continued importance in both fundamental condensed matter research and high-precision industrial applications.

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Tolerance

Properties

Reference & Citations

each

Tolerances

Single Crystal

Orientation		See Item
Thickness		+2% / -1%
Length		+2% / -1%

Square

Size		+2% / -1%

Material Properties for Metals

Atomic Properties

Element	Value
Atomic number	83
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral
Electronic structure	Xe 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³
Valences shown	3, 5
Atomic weight( amu )	208.9804
Thermal neutron absorption cross-section( Barns )	0.034
Photo-electric work function( eV )	4.4
Atomic radius - Goldschmidt( nm )	0.182
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	5/ 56.0
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	1/ 7.29
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	3/ 25.6
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	4/ 45.3
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	6/ 88.3
Ionisation potential( No./eV )	2/ 16.7

Mechanical Properties

Element	Value
Material condition	Polycrystalline
Poisson's ratio	0.33
Bulk modulus( GPa )	31.3
Tensile modulus( GPa )	34
Hardness - Vickers( kgf mm⁻² )	16-19

Electrical Properties

Element	Value
Electrical resistivity( µOhmcm )	117@20@20°C
Temperature coefficient( K⁻¹ )	0.0046@0-100°C
Thermal emf against Pt (cold 0C - hot 100C)( mV )	-7.34

Physical Properties

Element	Value
Boiling point( C )	1560
Density( gcm⁻³ )	9.8@20°C

Thermal Properties

Element	Value
Melting point( C )	271.3
Latent heat of evaporation( J g⁻¹ )	857
Latent heat of fusion( J g⁻¹ )	52
Specific heat( J K⁻¹ kg⁻¹ )	124@25°C
Thermal conductivity( W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ )	7.9@0-100°C
Coefficient of thermal expansion( x10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ )	13.4@0-100°C