Nickel

Nickel — Material Page

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Nickel (Ni, atomic number 28) is a lustrous, silvery-white Group 10 transition metal that is the fifth most common element on Earth by mass — though mostly concentrated in the planet's core rather than the crust (~84 ppm crustal abundance). With a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, a melting point of 1,455 °C, density of 8.90 g/cm³, and a Curie temperature of 358 °C (the third ferromagnetic element after iron and cobalt), nickel uniquely combines good corrosion resistance, moderate electrical conductivity, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and ferromagnetism — a combination that underpins its use as the base metal for the most important class of high-temperature alloys ever developed. Nickel is produced from two distinct ore types: sulfide ores (pentlandite, (Fe,Ni)₉S₈) concentrated in Canada, Russia, and Australia; and laterite ores (garnierite, limonite) predominant in the Philippines, Indonesia, and New Caledonia — together yielding approximately 3.3 million tonnes of refined nickel annually. The ratio of laterite to sulfide production is shifting toward laterites (currently ~60% of ore reserves) as high-grade sulfide deposits are depleted, driving development of HPAL (high-pressure acid leaching) and RKEF (rotary kiln electric furnace) processing routes that yield battery-grade nickel sulfate without the traditional matte-smelting route.

Nickel's largest and most technologically significant application — accounting for roughly 70% of primary consumption — is as an alloying element in stainless steel and nickel superalloys, where it fundamentally determines microstructure, high-temperature performance, and corrosion behavior. Nickel stabilizes the FCC austenite phase in stainless steels (8–12 wt% Ni in 304/316 austenitic grades), preventing the martensitic transformation that would make them magnetic and brittle; the resulting austenitic stainless steels combine excellent corrosion resistance, cryogenic toughness (no ductile-to-brittle transition), non-magnetism, and good weldability. Nickel superalloys (Inconel, Waspaloy, René, CMSX series) contain 50–75 wt% Ni and are the enabling material of modern gas turbine engines — the γ/γ′ precipitation-hardened microstructure (FCC Ni matrix with coherent ordered Ni₃Al precipitates) maintains tensile strengths above 1,000 MPa at 850 °C and creep resistance to ~1,100 °C in directionally solidified and single-crystal blade forms, operating at temperatures exceeding the alloy's own solidus through thermal barrier coating protection. No other alloy system approaches nickel superalloys' combination of high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance in the 900–1,100 °C range required by modern high-pressure turbine blades.

Nickel's role in energy storage and the clean energy transition is growing rapidly: nickel is the dominant active cathode metal in high-energy-density NMC and NCA lithium-ion batteries, and high-purity nickel sulfate (NiSO₄) demand from the battery sector is transforming the nickel supply chain. NMC 811 (LiNi₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂) and NCA (LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂) cathode materials — used in long-range EV batteries (Tesla, Panasonic, LG Energy Solution) — require ~40–50 kg of nickel per battery pack; the global EV fleet reached ~40 million vehicles in 2024, with annual battery demand consuming ~250,000 tonnes of nickel in Class I form (≥99.8% Ni). Nickel hydroxide is the positive electrode in NiMH batteries (still dominant in hybrid vehicles and high-reliability applications). Beyond batteries, electroless and electrolytic nickel plating provides corrosion protection for aerospace fasteners, automotive fuel system components, and electronics connectors; Raney nickel (skeletal Ni catalyst) is one of the most widely used hydrogenation catalysts in industrial organic chemistry; and nickel metal hydride technology remains the standard for high-cycle-life rechargeable batteries in power tools, medical devices, and stationary energy storage.

General Properties

Property	Value	Notes
Atomic Number	28	Group 10, Period 4; transition metal; 3d⁸4s² electron configuration; FCC structure — the only Group 10 metal that is ferromagnetic at room temperature; sits at the end of the first row of the d-block transition metals, with essentially complete d-band filling explaining its catalytic activity (unlike Fe and Co, Ni's d-band is nearly full, making it the optimal hydrogenation catalyst)
Atomic Mass	58.693 u	Five stable isotopes: ⁵⁸Ni (68.08%), ⁶⁰Ni (26.22%), ⁶¹Ni (1.14%), ⁶²Ni (3.63%), ⁶⁴Ni (0.93%); ⁶²Ni has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any nuclide (8.7945 MeV/nucleon) — marginally higher than ⁵⁶Fe; ⁶⁰Ni is the radiogenic daughter of ⁶⁰Fe (t½ = 2.62 Myr), important for early solar system chronology
Density (20 °C)	8.908 g/cm³	Similar density to cobalt (8.90 g/cm³) and copper (8.96 g/cm³); the near-identical densities of Ni, Co, and Cu in Period 4 reflect the filling of the 3d shell with minimal increase in atomic radius; Ni alloys with Fe (Invar, Permalloy, stainless steel) span 7.9–8.9 g/cm³ depending on composition
Melting Point	1,455 °C (1,728 K)	High melting point relative to most metals; the basis of nickel superalloy temperature capability; in single-crystal Ni superalloys (CMSX-4, René N6), the alloy operating temperature reaches 1,100–1,150 °C — 78–79% of the absolute melting point Tm — an extraordinary homologous temperature for a structural material; the gap between operating temperature and Tm is maintained by TBC (thermal barrier coating) insulation on turbine blade surfaces
Boiling Point	2,913 °C (3,186 K)	High boiling point ensures negligible Ni evaporation during vacuum melting, sintering, and heat treatment operations; Ni vapor pressure at 1,500 °C is ~10⁻⁶ Pa; relevant to Ni thin-film deposition rate control in PVD processes and to avoidance of Ni contamination in ultra-high-purity semiconductor processing environments
Thermal Conductivity	90.9 W/m·K (20 °C)	Good thermal conductivity — substantially lower than copper (401 W/m·K) but much higher than most stainless steels (~15 W/m·K) and nickel superalloys (~10–20 W/m·K due to alloying); decreases significantly with temperature and alloying; relevant to heat exchanger design in Ni alloy chemical processing equipment and thermal analysis of turbine blades
Electrical Resistivity	69.3 nΩ·m (20 °C)	Moderate resistivity — approximately 4× copper; used in resistance heating elements (Nichrome: Ni-20Cr, ~1,100 nΩ·m) and as a conductive coating in electronics (electroless Ni/immersion Au, ENIG process for PCB surface finish); Ni-Fe alloys (Permalloy 45–80% Ni) have resistivities of ~150–450 nΩ·m used in transformer cores and magnetic shielding
Crystal Structure	FCC; a = 3.524 Å	FCC structure stable from RT to melting — no allotropic transformations; the FCC structure provides excellent ductility and toughness at cryogenic temperatures (no DBTT), making Ni and austenitic Ni-containing stainless steels suitable for LNG containment and cryogenic applications to –196 °C and below; FCC Ni is the matrix phase (γ phase) in all nickel superalloys

Mechanical Properties

Property	Value	Notes
Tensile Strength	370–620 MPa (depending on temper)	Annealed pure Ni (~370 MPa UTS) to fully cold-worked (~620 MPa); work hardening is substantial in pure Ni; Nickel 200 annealed: 380–450 MPa UTS; nickel superalloys achieve 1,000–1,400 MPa UTS through precipitation hardening with Ni₃Al γ′ and Ni₃Nb γ″ phases
Yield Strength	100–290 MPa (annealed to cold-worked)	Low yield in annealed condition (~100 MPa) rises dramatically with cold work (~290 MPa at 50% reduction); Nickel 200 minimum yield strength per ASTM B162 is 140 MPa; the low annealed yield strength facilitates deep drawing and forming of Ni sheet for chemical equipment
Young's Modulus	200 GPa	Similar to iron (211 GPa); slightly direction-dependent in single crystals (anisotropy ratio ~2.5 for Ni); in nickel superalloy single crystals, the modulus is deliberately oriented along <001> (lowest modulus direction, ~125 GPa) to minimize thermal fatigue stresses from CTE mismatch — counterintuitively, lower modulus in the growth direction reduces thermal mechanical fatigue life-limiting stresses
Hardness	Brinell 100–150 HB (annealed to lightly work-hardened)	Moderate hardness in pure form; increases substantially with cold work and alloying; Ni electrodeposits can reach 150–350 HV depending on bath chemistry and stress state; electroless Ni-P deposits achieve 450–600 HV after heat treatment (450–550 °C), providing wear and corrosion protection on engineering components
Elongation at Break	35–50% (annealed)	Excellent ductility — one of the most ductile of all metals in the annealed condition; enables severe forming operations (deep drawing, spinning, hydroforming) without intermediate annealing; the high elongation reflects the FCC structure and absence of cleavage fracture mechanisms; retained at cryogenic temperatures (no DBTT)
Poisson's Ratio	0.31	Consistent with most FCC metals; used in finite element analysis of Ni components and thin-film stress calculations for electrodeposited Ni layers

Chemical & Magnetic Properties

Property	Value / Behavior	Notes
Curie Temperature	358 °C (631 K)	Lowest Curie temperature of the three elemental ferromagnets (Fe: 770 °C, Co: 1,115 °C); above 358 °C, Ni is paramagnetic; the relatively low Curie temperature means that even moderate temperatures (e.g. in gas turbine hot sections) drive Ni beyond ferromagnetism — nickel superalloys operating above 358 °C are non-magnetic, which is important for rotating components near magnetic sensors; Permalloy (Ni-Fe, 45–80% Ni) has tailored Curie temperatures for soft magnetic applications
Saturation Magnetization	0.617 T (at 20 °C)	Significantly lower than iron (2.16 T) and cobalt (1.79 T); Ni is a soft magnet with low coercivity (~0.7–3 Oe); the combination of moderate saturation and low coercivity makes Ni and Ni-Fe alloys (Permalloy, Mu-metal) ideal for high-permeability transformer cores, magnetic shielding, and read/write head cores where easy magnetization reversal is required
Corrosion Resistance	Excellent in alkaline, neutral, and reducing media; moderate in oxidizing acids	Nickel's passive NiO film provides corrosion resistance across a wide pH range; particularly resistant to caustic (NaOH, KOH) at all concentrations and temperatures — Nickel 200 is the standard material for caustic service in chemical processing; resistant to reducing HCl and H₂SO₄ at room temperature; attacked by HNO₃ and other strongly oxidizing media; less resistant than stainless steel in chloride environments (no Cr for passive film repair)
Toxicology & Allergenicity	IARC Group 1 (Ni compounds carcinogenic); skin sensitizer (nickel allergy ~15% of population)	Nickel compounds (soluble Ni²⁺, NiO, Ni₃S₂) are classified IARC Group 1 carcinogens (respiratory cancer in occupational exposure); nickel metal itself is IARC Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic); contact dermatitis from Ni alloys affects ~15% of the population — the EU Nickel Directive (2004/96/EC) limits Ni release from jewelry, watches, and clothing fasteners to <0.5 µg/cm²/week; OSHA PEL 1 mg/m³ (as Ni dust); ACGIH TLV 0.05–0.2 mg/m³ depending on solubility

Identifier	Value
Symbol	Ni
Atomic Number	28
CAS Number	7440-02-0
UN Number	UN3089 (powder); UN1378 (nickel catalyst, spent)
EINECS Number	231-111-4

Isotope	Type	Notes
⁵⁸Ni	Stable	68.08% natural abundance — the dominant Ni isotope by a large margin; I = 0; ⁵⁸Ni has one of the highest thermal neutron activation cross-sections of the stable Ni isotopes; ⁵⁸Ni(p,n)⁵⁸Cu reaction used for production of the PET isotope ⁵⁸Cu; ⁵⁸Ni is a candidate for double electron capture to ⁵⁸Fe (t½ >10²⁰ yr); used as IDMS reference in Ni stable isotope geochemistry
⁶⁰Ni	Stable	26.22% natural abundance; I = 0; radiogenic daughter of ⁶⁰Fe (t½ = 2.62 Myr, β⁻) — excess ⁶⁰Ni in meteoritic metal grains provides evidence for ⁶⁰Fe homogeneity in the early solar system and enables Fe-Ni chronometry of early solar system differentiation; δ⁶⁰Ni isotope ratios (MC-ICP-MS) are used to trace Ni cycling in marine sediments and as a biosignature for ancient ocean oxygenation
⁶¹Ni	Stable	1.14% natural abundance; I = 3/2, NMR-active; ⁶¹Ni NMR spectroscopy (quadrupole nucleus, relatively low sensitivity) is used to characterize Ni coordination in catalysts, Ni-complexes in coordination chemistry, and Ni sites in metalloenzymes (urease, -hydrogenase, Ni-superoxide dismutase); enriched ⁶¹Ni is used in Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of Ni alloys and compounds (67.4 keV resonance)
⁶²Ni	Stable	3.634% natural abundance; I = 0; ⁶²Ni has the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon of any nuclide (8.7945 MeV/nucleon) — fractionally higher than ⁵⁶Fe and ⁵⁸Fe; the exact ordering of ⁵⁶Fe vs. ⁶²Ni at the binding energy peak has been debated but ⁶²Ni is now accepted as having the highest per-nucleon binding energy; enriched ⁶²Ni spike used for IDMS Ni concentration measurements and as a Mössbauer source precursor
⁶⁴Ni	Stable	0.926% natural abundance; I = 0; double beta decay candidate to ⁶⁴Zn (Q = 1.34 MeV); enriched ⁶⁴Ni targets are used for production of ⁶⁴Cu (t½ = 12.7 hr, β⁺, PET imaging and theranostics) via ⁶⁴Ni(p,n)⁶⁴Cu cyclotron reaction — ⁶⁴Cu is a versatile theranostic isotope used in antibody-based PET imaging and targeted radiotherapy
⁶³Ni	Radioactive	t½ = 101.2 yr (β⁻, 66.9 keV maximum; no gamma emission); produced by neutron activation of ⁶²Ni in reactors; pure beta emitter — detected by liquid scintillation counting; used in betavoltaic batteries (nuclear batteries exploiting direct β-to-electricity conversion — ⁶³Ni provides <1 µW/g but over decades without recharging, used in pacemakers, satellite systems, and remote monitoring applications); used as a radiotracer in materials science studies of Ni diffusion and corrosion kinetics; one of the principal activated corrosion products in nuclear reactor primary circuits (⁶²Ni activation pathway)

Scientific & Research Applications

Use Case	Form Typically Used	Description
Electrocatalysis (Hydrogen Evolution & Oxygen Evolution)	Ni foam, Ni mesh, Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH), Raney Ni	Nickel and Ni-Fe alloys are the leading non-precious-metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water electrolysis — the technology basis for green hydrogen production. Ni-Fe LDH achieves OER overpotentials of ~230 mV at 10 mA/cm² in 1 M KOH, approaching IrO₂ performance at a fraction of the cost. Ni foam and mesh electrodes provide high surface area for industrial alkaline electrolyzers. Research focuses on understanding Ni active site speciation under reaction conditions (OPERANDO XAS/Mössbauer) and engineering Ni-based HER catalysts active under acidic conditions for PEM electrolyzers.
CVD Graphene Growth	Ni foil and thin film (99.9–99.99%), Ni/SiO₂/Si substrates	Nickel foil was the first substrate used for large-area graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) — carbon dissolves in Ni at growth temperatures (~900–1,000 °C) and precipitates as graphene on cooling, producing few-layer graphene (typically 1–3 layers) with large grain sizes. Ni-foil CVD graphene was the enabling demonstration (2009, Kim et al.) that scalable graphene synthesis was possible. Cu foil later became dominant for monolayer graphene due to its lower carbon solubility, but Ni remains standard for few-layer graphene synthesis and is studied for direct graphene growth on device substrates.
Magnetic Shielding & Permalloy Research	High-purity Ni foil, Ni-Fe alloy sheet (Permalloy, Mu-metal)	Permalloy (Ni₈₀Fe₂₀, 78–80% Ni) and Mu-metal (Ni₇₇Fe₁₄Cu₅Mo₄) exhibit among the highest magnetic permeabilities of any alloy (µᵣ up to 100,000 in properly annealed form), making them standard for passive magnetic shielding of sensitive instruments (magnetoencephalography systems, electron microscopes, atomic magnetometers, precision compasses). Research on Ni-Fe thin films focuses on GMR (giant magnetoresistance) multilayer structures (Ni₈₀Fe₂₀/Cu/Co), spin-valve read heads for hard disk drives, and magnetic tunnel junctions for MRAM.
NMC/NCA Battery Cathode Research	Ni(OH)₂, NiSO₄ precursors; Ni metal for IDMS/characterization	Nickel-rich NMC (LiNiₓMnᵧCoᵤO₂, x ≥ 0.6) and NCA (LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂) cathode materials provide the highest energy densities among commercial LIB cathodes (200–220 mAh/g for NMC 811 vs. ~160 mAh/g for NMC 111). Research focuses on reducing irreversible phase transitions at high state of charge (H2-H3 transformation in NMC 811 causing microcracks and capacity fade), surface stabilization by Al₂O₃/Li₂ZrO₃ ALD coatings, and developing Ni-rich single-crystal cathodes with improved structural stability. Battery-grade NiSO₄·6H₂O purity (>22% Ni, <1 ppm magnetic foreign particles) is a critical supply chain specification.
Vacuum Components & UHV Technology	Electrolytic Ni plate, Ni tubing, Ni wire (99.9%+)	Nickel's combination of low outgassing, good mechanical properties, machinability, and bakeable to ~500 °C (without oxidation in vacuum) makes it standard for UHV components — gaskets, flanges, internal fixtures, and radiation shields in particle accelerators, surface science instruments, and mass spectrometers. Ni-plated steel is used for vacuum vessel internal surfaces where Ni's low vapor pressure and resistance to embrittlement by adsorbed hydrogen are required. Ni-Cu alloy (Monel) and Ni-Fe sealing alloys (Kovar, Invar) are used for glass-to-metal and ceramic-to-metal vacuum-tight seals.
Nanomaterials & Catalysis Research	Ni nanoparticles (5–100 nm), Raney Ni, Ni₂P, Ni-MoS₂ composites	Raney nickel (skeletal Ni, prepared by NaOH leaching of Ni-Al alloy) is one of the most widely used heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts — used industrially for fatty acid hydrogenation, glucose to sorbitol conversion, adiponitrile to hexamethylenediamine, and numerous pharmaceutical intermediate syntheses. Ni nanoparticles are studied for dry reforming of methane (CH₄ + CO₂ → 2CO + 2H₂), toluene reforming, and CO₂ methanation as lower-cost alternatives to Ru and Rh catalysts. Ni₂P and Ni-Mo sulfide catalysts are studied for HDS and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of petroleum fractions.

Industrial & Commercial Applications

Sector	Form / Grade Used	Description
Stainless Steel & Ni Superalloys	Ferronickel (Ni-Fe, 20–40% Ni), Class I Ni cathode (99.8%+)	Nickel is the second-largest alloying element in stainless steel by mass (after chromium) — 8–10 wt% in 304/316 austenitic grades, 12–14% in super-austenitic (254SMO, 317L), and higher in duplex and lean duplex grades. Ni superalloys (Inconel 625, 718, 718Plus; Waspaloy; CMSX-4, René N6 single crystals) are the material of highest value per unit weight in aeroengine manufacture — a single turbine disk in GE90/GEnx/LEAP engines contains ~300 kg of Ni superalloy alloys worth $50,000–$150,000 at alloy cost. Global Ni consumption in stainless steel and superalloys is ~2.3 million tonnes/year, ~70% of primary Ni production.
Electroplating & Electroless Nickel	NiSO₄ bath (electrolytic Ni); NiSO₄/NaH₂PO₂ bath (electroless Ni-P)	Nickel electroplating deposits 5–25 µm Ni or Ni-Cr (chrome over nickel) on automotive trim, plumbing fixtures, and industrial components — providing corrosion protection, hardness, and aesthetics. Electroless nickel-phosphorus (EN-P, 6–12 wt% P) provides uniform coating on complex geometries without electrical contact — used on aerospace turbine blade cooling holes, electronics connectors (ENIG: electroless Ni/immersion Au), oil and gas downhole tools, and precision molds. High-phosphorus EN-P (>10% P) is amorphous and achieves 45–70 HRC after heat treatment with excellent corrosion resistance.
NiMH & Li-Ion Battery Production	Ni hydroxide (positive electrode NiMH); NiSO₄·6H₂O (battery-grade, >22% Ni)	Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries (Ni(OH)₂ positive, rare earth-Ni alloy (MH) negative) remain the standard for Toyota/Honda hybrid vehicles (Prius, Insight), power tools, and high-drain consumer electronics — 3–4 billion NiMH cells produced annually. Battery-grade NiSO₄·6H₂O (produced by high-pressure acid leaching of laterite ore or refining of sulfide concentrates) is the precursor for NMC/NCA cathode hydroxide co-precipitation — a rapidly growing market as EV production scales; battery Ni demand is projected to surpass stainless steel Ni demand by ~2030.
Chemical Process Equipment (Caustic Service)	Nickel 200 (≥99.5% Ni) plate, pipe, heat exchanger tubing	Nickel 200 (ASTM B162/B161/B160) is the standard material for equipment handling concentrated NaOH, KOH, and other caustic solutions at temperatures above 60 °C, where stainless steels fail by stress corrosion cracking and carbon steel corrodes excessively. Applications include evaporators in chlor-alkali plants (NaOH concentration), saponification vessels in soap manufacture, and caustic handling in aluminum refining (Bayer process). Nickel 201 (low-carbon grade, <0.02% C) is used above 315 °C where Nickel 200 would be sensitized by carbide precipitation at grain boundaries.
Coinage & Consumer Products	Cupronickel (Cu-25Ni) and Ni-clad steels for coins; Ni-Ti (Nitinol) for medical devices	Cupronickel alloys (Cu-25Ni, Cu-12Ni) are widely used for coinage (US quarter, dime, 5p, 10p coins) due to their corrosion resistance, durability, and distinctive silver appearance without the cost of silver. Nitinol (Ni-50Ti) shape memory alloy is used in guidewires, stents, orthodontic wires, and actuators exploiting the thermoelastic martensitic transformation; Ni-Ti content in medical devices is controlled to minimize Ni ion release. Nickel is a common allergen in jewelry — EU Regulation limits Ni release to <0.5 µg/cm²/week from items in prolonged skin contact.

Goodfellow nickel is supplied in two principal product forms: research-grade high-purity nickel and Nickel 200, the commercially standardized engineering grade. Both are nominally ≥99.5–99.9% Ni but differ in impurity specification, mechanical guarantee, and applicable standards.

Property	Pure Nickel (research grade)	Nickel 200 (ASTM B162/B160/B161)
Nickel Content	≥99.9% Ni (typical)	≥99.5% Ni
Standards	—	ASTM B162 (plate/sheet), B160 (rod/bar), B161 (pipe/tube)
Impurity Control	Minimal specified limits; varies by refinement method (zone refining, electrolytic)	Tight control on S (<0.01%), C (<0.15%), Fe (<0.4%), Cu (<0.25%) — critical for caustic corrosion resistance and ductility
Yield Strength	~100 MPa (annealed)	≥140 MPa minimum (per ASTM B162 annealed)
Electrical Conductivity	~15% IACS (69 nΩ·m)	~15% IACS — consistent across the grade range
Principal Applications	Fundamental research, sputtering targets, MBE sources, CVD graphene substrate, battery research, thin-film magnetics	Caustic chemical processing, electronics components, electroforming mandrels, structural fabrication in corrosive environments
Ferromagnetic	Yes (below Curie temp. 358 °C)	Yes (below 358 °C) — relevant to magnetic design of equipment using Ni 200 components near magnetic field sources

Synonym / Alternative Name	Context
Ni	Chemical symbol; from German Kupfernickel (copper-demon or St. Nicholas's copper) — German miners in the Erzgebirge called the red ore niccolite (NiAs) "Kupfernickel" because it looked like copper ore but yielded no copper, blaming a mischievous spirit (Nickel = colloquial for Nikolaus); Axel Cronstedt isolated the element from niccolite in 1751
Nickel metal	Standard commercial and regulatory designation; used in REACH/CLP classification (Ni as substance, EC 231-111-4), UN dangerous goods (UN3089 powder), LME trading (Class I nickel cathode, ≥99.8%), and supply chain documentation across stainless steel, superalloy, and battery sectors
Elemental nickel	Scientific term distinguishing pure Ni metal from nickel compounds (NiO, Ni(OH)₂, NiSO₄, NiCl₂, Ni₃S₂, NiTiO₃, Ni₃Al, etc.) in materials science and electrochemistry literature
Níquel	Spanish (and Portuguese) language equivalent; used in Latin American and Iberian regulatory, trade, and technical documentation; also the name of the Spanish coin (5-céntimo piece, historically nickel-bearing)
Nickel 200 / Nickel 201	UNS N02200 (Nickel 200, ≤0.15% C) and UNS N02201 (Nickel 201, ≤0.02% C) — the two principal commercially pure nickel wrought product designations; Nickel 201 is specified for service above 315 °C to avoid carbide-grain-boundary sensitization; both are covered by ASTM B162 (plate), B160 (rod), B161 (pipe), B162 (strip)
Raney nickel	Skeletal nickel catalyst prepared by NaOH dissolution of Al from Ni-Al alloy (50:50 wt%), leaving a high-surface-area spongy Ni structure; one of the most widely used heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts in organic synthesis and industrial chemical manufacturing; patented by Murray Raney in 1926; listed here as the most commonly encountered form of nickel in synthetic chemistry laboratories

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