Magnesium

Magnesium — Material Page

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Magnesium (Mg, atomic number 12) is the lightest structural metal in common use — at 1.74 g/cm³, it is one-third the density of aluminum, one-quarter that of steel, and the least dense of all alkaline earth metals. A Group 2 element with a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure, magnesium has a melting point of 650 °C, good thermal conductivity (156 W/m·K), and an elastic modulus of 45 GPa — giving it a specific stiffness (E/ρ) comparable to aluminum and a specific strength (σ/ρ) in alloy form that rivals conventional aluminum alloys at roughly 60% of the weight. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust (~2.1 wt%) and is extracted primarily from seawater (via Mg(OH)₂ precipitation and electrolysis), dolomite (MgCO₃·CaCO₃ via Pidgeon process), and magnesite (MgCO₃); its abundance and relatively straightforward primary production make it a cost-competitive lightweight structural material. Like all alkaline earth metals, magnesium has a +2 oxidation state exclusively — Mg²⁺ (ionic radius 72 pm) forms the core of the chlorophyll molecule (the only metal in the porphyrin ring of all photosynthetic systems) and is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body, essential for over 300 enzymatic reactions.

Magnesium's defining engineering attribute is its density-normalized mechanical performance: in alloy form (Mg-Al-Zn, Mg-Al-Mn, Mg-rare earth systems) it achieves tensile strengths of 200–350 MPa with densities of 1.76–1.84 g/cm³, giving specific strengths competitive with 6xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys and exceeding most structural steels on a per-unit-mass basis. This makes magnesium alloys the lightest practical structural alloy family — favored in automotive powertrain components (gearbox casings, steering wheels, seat frames — a typical car contains 2–5 kg Mg), aerospace structures (helicopter gearboxes, aircraft interior seat frames, military aircraft components), consumer electronics housings (ultrabook laptop bodies, camera bodies, drone frames), and sporting goods (bicycle components, golf club heads). The principal barrier to wider adoption has historically been poor corrosion resistance (standard electrode potential –2.37 V vs. SHE, galvanic corrosion sensitivity) and limited room-temperature ductility arising from the HCP structure's restricted slip systems below ~200 °C. Advances in alloy design — particularly addition of rare earth elements (Nd, Gd, Y, Ce) to activate non-basal slip, suppress grain boundary corrosion, and improve creep resistance — have significantly expanded the application envelope, particularly in aerospace (EV31A, WE43) and high-temperature automotive (AJ62, AM-HP2+) applications.

Beyond structural applications, magnesium has distinct and growing roles in pyrotechnics and incendiary devices (burning at ~3,100 °C with intense white light emission), as a chemical reducing agent for titanium and zirconium metal production (Kroll process), in biodegradable biomedical implant research, and as an emerging anode material for next-generation magnesium-ion batteries. Pure magnesium powder and ribbon burn vigorously once ignited, producing MgO and Mg₃N₂ at temperatures that sustain combustion in CO₂ and N₂ — making Mg fires notoriously difficult to extinguish and requiring Class D dry powder extinguishers; this same property is exploited in military illuminating flares, incendiary devices, and signal flares where the 383–518 nm emission spectrum (predominantly MgO* continuum) provides intense white light. The Kroll process for titanium production (TiCl₄ + 2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl₂) consumes significant quantities of high-purity magnesium and was the dominant Ti production route for decades. In biomedicine, magnesium's biocompatibility and biodegradability — it corrodes at a controlled rate in physiological environments producing Mg²⁺ and H₂, both ultimately benign — make it uniquely attractive for resorbable orthopedic implants (bone screws, plates) and cardiovascular stents that disappear as the tissue heals, eliminating secondary removal surgery.

General Properties

Property	Value	Notes
Atomic Number	12	Group 2 (alkaline earth metals), Period 3; 3s² electron configuration; exclusively +2 oxidation state; Mg²⁺ ionic radius 72 pm (octahedral); the Mg²⁺ ion is the active center of chlorophyll (the magnesium porphyrin complex) and is essential for ATP function, DNA polymerase activity, and >300 enzymes in human metabolism
Atomic Mass	24.305 u	Three stable isotopes: ²⁴Mg (78.99%), ²⁵Mg (10.00%), ²⁶Mg (11.01%); ²⁶Mg is the radiogenic daughter of ²⁶Al (t½ = 0.72 Myr), making ²⁶Mg/²⁴Mg ratios in meteoritic minerals a key chronometer for early solar system chronology; δ²⁶Mg isotope ratios (MC-ICP-MS) are used to trace Mg cycling in ocean chemistry, dolomite formation, and plant physiology
Density (20 °C)	1.74 g/cm³	The lowest density of any common structural metal — approximately one-third that of aluminum (2.70 g/cm³) and one-quarter that of steel (7.87 g/cm³); magnesium alloys (1.75–1.85 g/cm³) are the lightest commercially available structural alloy family; the low density directly drives the 30–70% weight reduction vs. Al and steel components of equivalent strength, making Mg critical for fuel efficiency and range extension in automotive and aerospace applications
Melting Point	650 °C (923 K)	Moderate melting point — higher than aluminum (660 °C, nearly the same) but much lower than titanium (1,668 °C) or steel (~1,538 °C); the similar melting points of Mg and Al complicate separation in recycled scrap; magnesium must be cast under SF₆ or CO₂/SO₂ cover gas (or flux) to suppress surface oxidation during melt handling, as molten Mg ignites readily in air
Boiling Point	1,090 °C (1,363 K)	Relatively low boiling point for a structural metal; significant Mg vapor pressure above ~600 °C; the Pidgeon process for primary Mg production exploits this — MgO is reduced by Si at ~1,200 °C under vacuum, Mg vapor condenses as crowns; the low boiling point also limits magnesium's use in applications above ~400 °C without RE alloying additions that improve high-temperature creep resistance
Thermal Conductivity	156 W/m·K	Good thermal conductivity — better than titanium (22 W/m·K) and comparable to aluminum (237 W/m·K) on a per-density basis; enables effective heat dissipation in electronic housings and powertrain components; MgO (periclase) has even higher thermal conductivity (~50 W/m·K) making it a refractory material, but the metal is the primary thermal conductor in structural applications
Electrical Resistivity	45.4 nΩ·m (20 °C)	Good electrical conductivity for a structural metal — slightly better than aluminum (26.5 nΩ·m) on an absolute basis but with only 64% the density, giving very competitive specific conductivity; magnesium's conductivity is not its primary engineering attribute but is relevant in EMI shielding applications where die-cast Mg housings for electronics provide both structural and electromagnetic shielding functions
Crystal Structure	Hexagonal close-packed (HCP); a = 3.209 Å, c = 5.211 Å, c/a = 1.624	HCP structure with c/a ratio close to the ideal 1.633; at room temperature, plastic deformation is limited to basal slip (0001)<11–20> and twinning — giving lower ductility than FCC aluminum; above ~200 °C, prismatic and pyramidal slip activate, improving formability; rare earth additions (Nd, Gd, Y) reduce the c/a ratio and lower basal stacking fault energy, promoting non-basal slip and improving RT ductility; texture strengthening via rolling is especially potent in Mg sheet due to strong basal fiber development

Mechanical Properties (Pure Mg, Annealed)

Property	Value	Notes
Hardness	Mohs ~2.5; ~35 HV Vickers (annealed)	Moderate hardness for a light metal — harder than lithium, sodium, potassium, and pure aluminum (HV ~15) but softer than most engineering alloys; hardness increases significantly with alloying (AZ91D: ~65 HV, WE43: ~75 HV) and work hardening; the HCP structure limits work hardening pathways at room temperature, so grain refinement and precipitation hardening dominate strengthening strategies in Mg alloys
Elastic (Young's) Modulus	45 GPa	Low elastic modulus relative to aluminum (70 GPa) and steel (210 GPa), but the specific modulus (E/ρ = 45/1.74 = 25.9 GPa·cm³/g) is very close to aluminum (25.9 GPa·cm³/g) — meaning components of equal stiffness in Mg and Al have essentially identical mass; magnesium's advantage over aluminum is in strength-limited (rather than stiffness-limited) designs; alloying modifies modulus only marginally (<5%)
Poisson's Ratio	0.29	Similar to aluminum (0.33) and steel (0.29); the anisotropic HCP structure means Poisson's ratio is direction-dependent in single crystals but approaches 0.29 in polycrystalline form; used in finite element analysis of magnesium structural components
Tensile Strength (Alloys)	140–160 MPa (pure Mg); 180–350 MPa (alloys)	Pure magnesium has modest tensile strength; alloy and heat treatment dramatically improve this: AZ91D die-cast (230 MPa), AM60 (225 MPa), AZ31 wrought (260 MPa), WE43-T5 (250 MPa), EV31A-T6 (280–310 MPa); the yield strength asymmetry between tension and compression (twinning-induced softening in compression) is a distinctive feature of wrought Mg alloys that must be accounted for in structural design

Chemical Properties

Property	Value / Behavior	Notes
Corrosion Behavior	Active metal; standard electrode potential –2.37 V vs. SHE; poor galvanic compatibility with most structural metals	Magnesium is highly electrochemically active — the most negative electrode potential of any common structural metal; the native MgO/Mg(OH)₂ passive film formed in dry air provides only limited protection and is disrupted in chloride environments; the "negative difference effect" (NDE) anomalously increases Mg corrosion rate at anodic potentials; galvanic corrosion with coupled aluminum, steel, or copper is severe unless components are electrically isolated; protective strategies include conversion coatings (Mn phosphate, chromate-free treatments), anodizing (PEO/MAO coatings), and rare earth alloying to enrich passive film stability
Reactivity with Water & Air	Reacts slowly with H₂O at RT; reacts with steam; burns vigorously above ~650 °C	Bulk magnesium reacts slowly with liquid water at room temperature (unlike Ca and alkali metals) but rapidly with steam; finely divided powder or ribbon is pyrophoric; magnesium fires (Class D) cannot be extinguished with water (produces explosive H₂) or CO₂ (Mg burns in CO₂); must be extinguished with dry sand, dry graphite, or Met-L-X powder; covers gas (SF₆ or SO₂ in CO₂) is essential during casting operations to prevent surface ignition of the melt
Oxidation State	+2 exclusively (Mg²⁺)	The 3s² configuration gives Mg only the +2 state; Mg²⁺ has no d-electrons and forms predominantly ionic compounds; forms MgO (periclase, mp 2,852 °C — a highly refractory ceramic), Mg(OH)₂ (brucite), MgCO₃ (magnesite), MgCl₂ (carnallite precursor), and the chlorophyll porphyrin coordination complex; Mg²⁺ in aqueous solution is strongly hydrated (²⁺) with slow ligand exchange kinetics compared to Ca²⁺ — explaining Mg's role in enzymatic reaction selectivity
Combustion	Burns at ~3,100 °C; 383–518 nm white-UV-visible emission; sustains in CO₂ and N₂	Magnesium burns with an intensely bright white flame — the MgO continuum emission and Mg atomic lines at 383 nm (UV) and 518 nm (green) produce a spectrum rich in both UV and visible radiation that causes permanent eye damage on direct viewing without UV-filtering eye protection; ignition temperature ~650 °C (ribbon); burning magnesium cannot be extinguished by CO₂ (Mg + CO₂ → MgO + C) or N₂ (Mg + N₂ → Mg₃N₂), making Mg fires uniquely dangerous; burn rate in oxygen is ~25 MJ/kg, among the highest of any structural material

Identifier	Value
Symbol	Mg
Atomic Number	12
CAS Number	7439-95-4
UN Number	UN1418 (powder or ribbons, wet); UN1869 (pellets, turnings, ribbons)
EINECS Number	231-104-6

Isotope	Type	Notes
²⁴Mg	Stable	78.99% natural abundance; I = 0; the dominant isotope by a large margin; produced primarily by carbon burning in massive stars; used as the reference denominator (²⁴Mg) for magnesium isotope ratio measurements; δ²⁶Mg/²⁴Mg and δ²⁵Mg/²⁴Mg ratios measured by MC-ICP-MS trace Mg cycling in seawater, weathering fluxes, carbonate diagenesis, and plant uptake fractionation
²⁵Mg	Stable	10.00% natural abundance; I = 5/2, NMR-active (quadrupole nucleus); ²⁵Mg solid-state NMR is used to characterize Mg coordination environments in cement hydration products (C-S-H phases), magnesium silicate minerals, bioactive glasses, and pharmaceutical magnesium compounds; enriched ²⁵Mg is used as an IDMS spike for high-precision Mg concentration measurements and as a tracer in metabolic studies of Mg absorption and retention in human nutrition research
²⁶Mg	Stable	11.01% natural abundance; I = 0; the radiogenic daughter of ²⁶Al (t½ = 0.717 Myr, β⁺); excess ²⁶Mg relative to primordial compositions in Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules in primitive meteorites (e.g. Allende) provides evidence for ²⁶Al homogeneity in the early solar system and enables Al-Mg chronometry of the first 5 Myr of solar system history — one of the highest-resolution chronometers for protoplanetary differentiation and aqueous alteration on parent bodies

Scientific & Research Applications

Use Case	Form Typically Used	Description
Biodegradable Biomedical Implant Research	High-purity Mg rod, Mg-Zn, Mg-Ca, Mg-RE alloy samples	Magnesium is the leading candidate for biodegradable/bioresorbable orthopedic implants — bone screws, plates, intramedullary nails, and cardiovascular stents — because it corrodes at physiological pH to produce Mg²⁺ and H₂, both largely benign, while providing mechanical support during healing and then disappearing. Research focuses on controlling degradation rate (too fast → H₂ gas pockets; too slow → insufficient resorption), surface coatings (microarc oxidation, Ca-P coatings, PLA films), and alloy optimization (Mg-Zn, Mg-Ca, Mg-Sr, Mg-RE) to achieve 6–12 month resorption timelines matched to bone healing. Synorif® (Mg-Y-RE, Synbone AG) and Magnezix® (Mg-Zn, Syntellix) are commercially approved biodegradable Mg implants.
Mg-Ion Battery Research	Mg metal anode (foil, powder), MgCl₂ or Mg(BH₄)₂ electrolytes, Mg₂Mo₆S₈ cathodes	Magnesium-ion batteries offer a potentially transformative improvement over lithium-ion: Mg is divalent (2 electrons per ion vs. 1 for Li), has a theoretical volumetric capacity of 3,833 mAh/cm³ (vs. 2,046 for Li metal), is far more abundant than Li, and does not form dendrites on plating. Research challenges include developing electrolytes compatible with Mg metal (avoiding passivation), finding high-voltage cathodes that can reversibly intercalate Mg²⁺ (the divalent ion diffuses slowly in most oxides), and achieving adequate cycle life. The Chevrel phase (Mg₂Mo₆S₈) remains the benchmark cathode despite low voltage (~1.1 V).
Lightweight Alloy & Phase Diagram Research	High-purity Mg (99.97%), binary and ternary alloy cast samples	Pure magnesium and model binary alloys (Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, Mg-RE, Mg-Ca, Mg-Li) are studied to establish phase diagrams, precipitation sequences, deformation mechanisms (basal/prismatic/pyramidal slip, tensile twinning), texture evolution, and corrosion-microstructure relationships. The unusual deformation behavior of HCP Mg — strong twinning contribution at RT, yield point asymmetry, and pronounced basal texture in rolled sheet — requires specialized crystal plasticity modeling and EBSD characterization. Mg-Li alloys (5–11 wt% Li, BCC phase) are the only lightweight alloys with good RT ductility and formability comparable to aluminum.
Metal Combustion & Thermochemical Studies	Mg ribbon, Mg powder (various mesh sizes), Mg pellets	Magnesium combustion is studied as a model for metal fuel thermochemistry, dust explosion hazard assessment, and energetic material research. Mg powder (1–100 µm) undergoes vapor-phase combustion at ~3,100 °C; finer particles (<10 µm) are pyrophoric; the combustion products (MgO smoke) are studied by emission spectroscopy (MgO* band emission at 499–536 nm) and laser diagnostics. Mg thermite compositions (Mg + PTFE, Mg + NaNO₃) are used in pyrotechnic and military incendiary research; magnesium is a key component of infrared decoy flares due to its intense UV/visible output confusing IR-guided missiles.
Thin Film & PVD Research	Mg sputtering targets (99.9–99.97%), Mg evaporation pellets	Magnesium thin films are studied for hydrogen storage (MgH₂ has 7.6 wt% H₂ capacity — the highest gravimetric hydrogen storage density of any simple binary hydride), optical coatings (Mg films switch from reflective metal to transparent MgH₂ on hydrogen exposure — "switchable mirror" effect exploited in smart windows and hydrogen sensors), and as a getter material in vacuum systems and OLED encapsulation. Mg sputtering targets are also used as seed layers in some perpendicular magnetic recording media stacks.
Mg Isotope Geochemistry	Enriched ²⁵Mg, ²⁶Mg IDMS spikes; Mg isotope standard solutions	Magnesium isotope ratios (δ²⁶Mg, δ²⁵Mg) measured by MC-ICP-MS with ±0.05‰ precision are used to trace Mg biogeochemical cycling: riverine input vs. hydrothermal flux to the ocean, dolomitization and carbonate diagenesis, plant uptake and soil weathering fluxes, and early solar system chronology via the ²⁶Al-²⁶Mg decay system. The Al-Mg short-lived radionuclide system (t½ ²⁶Al = 0.72 Myr) constrains the timescales of early solar system processes to ±0.1 Myr precision.

Industrial & Commercial Applications

Sector	Form / Grade Used	Description
Automotive Die Casting	AZ91D (most common), AM60B, AM50A die-cast alloys	Die-cast magnesium alloys (AZ91D: Mg-9Al-1Zn; AM60B: Mg-6Al-0.3Mn; AM50A: Mg-5Al-0.4Mn) are the dominant form of magnesium in automotive applications — instrument panel beams, steering column components, seat frames, door inner structures, transfer case housings, and oil pan covers. AZ91D offers the best combination of castability and strength; AM60/AM50 offer better ductility and impact energy absorption for crash-sensitive components. Die-cast Mg reduces component weight by 25–75% vs. steel equivalents; 40–70% vs. aluminum in many structural castings.
Aerospace Structural Components	WE43, EV31A, AZ31B wrought alloys; ZE41A, EZ33A sand castings	Magnesium alloys are used in aerospace for helicopter gearbox casings (ZE41A, WE43 — providing light weight and fatigue resistance in high-temperature, high-stress gearbox environments), aircraft interior seat frames and galleys (AZ31B extrusions and sheets), military aircraft structural panels (AZ31B, WE43), and rocket motor casings. Rare earth-bearing alloys (WE43: Mg-Y-Nd-Zr; EV31A: Mg-Nd-Gd-Zr) provide creep resistance to >200 °C and corrosion resistance substantially improved over conventional AZ alloys, meeting aerospace qualification requirements.
Consumer Electronics Housings	AZ91D, AM60 thixomolded or die-cast; AZ31B thin sheet	Magnesium alloy housings for ultrabooks, business laptops (ThinkPad, Dell Latitude), professional camera bodies, and drone frames provide structural rigidity, EMI shielding, and weight savings vs. polymer and aluminum. Thixomolding (semi-solid injection of AZ91D) produces thin-wall (0.5–1.0 mm) complex precision housings with good surface quality. Rolled AZ31B sheet (0.5–1.5 mm) is used in premium notebook computer lids and bottom panels. A typical magnesium laptop shell weighs 30–40% less than an equivalent aluminum die-cast housing.
Metal Reduction (Titanium & Zirconium Production)	High-purity Mg ingot (99.8%+) for Kroll process	The Kroll process for titanium metal production (TiCl₄ + 2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl₂, 800–850 °C, sealed reactor) and the analogous Mg reduction of ZrCl₄ for zirconium production consume large quantities of magnesium, making the Mg-Ti supply chain tightly interlinked. The by-product MgCl₂ is recycled back to Mg metal by electrolysis (Dow or IG Farben process) in integrated Ti/Mg production facilities. Each tonne of titanium sponge requires approximately 0.95–1.1 tonnes of magnesium.
Pyrotechnics & Flares	Mg powder (various particle sizes), Mg ribbon, Mg-Al alloy (electron metal)	Magnesium powder is a key fuel component in military illuminating and signaling flares, infrared countermeasure decoys, tracer ammunition, and pyrotechnic compositions — its ~3,100 °C combustion temperature, intense UV/visible emission spectrum, and high burn rate per unit volume make it uniquely effective. "Electron metal" (Mg-Al alloy, ~90% Mg) burns at similar temperatures and is used in incendiary compositions. The UV-rich emission spectrum of burning Mg triggers broad-spectrum IR sensors and is studied for IR decoy effectiveness against heat-seeking missile seekers.
Cathodic Protection Anodes	Cast Mg anodes (AZ63, M1C alloy — ASTM B843 grades)	Magnesium sacrificial anodes are the standard cathodic protection system for buried steel pipelines (oil, gas, water mains), underground storage tanks, ship hulls in freshwater, and residential water heaters — any environment where the low-conductivity of the electrolyte makes the high driving voltage of Mg (–2.37 V vs. SHE) necessary to provide adequate current density. ASTM B843 Mg alloy anodes (AZ63, H-1, M-1C grades with 5–7% Al, 2–4% Zn, 0.15–0.7% Mn) have standard applications in freshwater and soil cathodic protection; zinc and aluminum anodes serve marine environments where conductivity is higher.

Magnesium is available both as high-purity metal (by percentage) and as specific alloy grades. Named alloy designations (AZ, AM, AJ, EV series) are ASTM/SAE standard compositions specifying major alloying elements and their concentrations.

Grade / Designation	Composition / Purity	Main Use
99.8%	≥99.8% Mg	General laboratory use, pyrotechnics, and reduction reactions — standard purity for combustion research, thermochemical studies, Kroll process Mg reduction of TiCl₄, and magnesium powder pyrotechnic compositions
99.9%	≥99.9% Mg	Electronics and alloy preparation — high-purity Mg for sputtering targets (hydrogen storage switchable mirror research, PVD coatings), MBE evaporation sources, and model binary alloy synthesis for phase diagram and deformation research
99.97%	≥99.97% Mg	Specialized research and precision alloys — ultra-high-purity Mg for biodegradable implant research (minimizing toxic impurity dissolution), Mg-ion battery anode studies, isotope geochemistry reference materials, and fundamental deformation mechanism studies requiring minimal solute impurity effects
AZ31	Mg-3Al-1Zn-0.2Mn (wt%)	Automotive panels, aerospace interior structures, and general wrought applications — the most widely used wrought Mg alloy; good balance of strength (UTS ~260 MPa), ductility (~15%), and weldability in sheet, plate, extrusion, and tube form; standard aerospace and automotive structural sheet material
AZ61	Mg-6Al-1Zn-0.15Mn (wt%)	Forgings and structural parts requiring higher strength — the higher aluminum content vs. AZ31 increases strength (UTS ~310 MPa) through solid solution and precipitation hardening; used in bicycle components, sporting goods forgings, and aerospace extrusions
AJ62	Mg-6Al-2Sr-0.4Mn (wt%)	High-temperature automotive powertrain components — the strontium addition stabilizes the grain boundary against Al₄Sr compound dissolution, providing substantially better creep resistance than AZ alloys above 150 °C; used in engine cradles, transmission cases, and transfer case housings in powertrain applications where elevated operating temperatures preclude conventional AZ alloys
EV31A	Mg-3Nd-1.5Gd-0.5Zn-0.5Zr (wt%, approx.)	Aerospace and motorsport structural castings — a rare earth-bearing alloy (neodymium, gadolinium) providing excellent creep resistance to 250 °C, improved corrosion resistance vs. AZ alloys, and high fatigue strength; used in helicopter gearbox casings (AgustaWestland AW101, Sikorsky S-92), racing engine components, and aerospace brackets where the superior performance justifies the higher alloy cost

Synonym / Alternative Name	Context
Mg	Chemical symbol; from Magnesia, a district in Thessaly, Greece (Μαγνησία), where magnesia alba (magnesium carbonate) was found; the same etymological root gives us "magnet" (manganese and iron ores from the same region) and "manganese"
Magnesium metal	Standard commercial and regulatory designation for the elemental form; used in UN dangerous goods classification (UN1418 powder, UN1869 pellets/turnings), REACH filings, and aerospace/automotive supply chain documentation
Elemental magnesium	Scientific term distinguishing pure magnesium metal from magnesium compounds (MgO, Mg(OH)₂, MgCl₂, MgCO₃, MgSO₄, chlorophyll) in chemistry and materials literature
Electron metal	Historical trade name for Mg-Al alloys (~90% Mg, 10% Al) used in incendiary and pyrotechnic applications; the name "Elektron" (also spelled Electron) was registered by IG Farben and remains in use for some commercial Mg-Al-Zn casting alloys (Elektron 21 = EV31A equivalent); not to be confused with the electron particle
Mg (battery grade)	Informal trade designation for magnesium metal of sufficient purity (≥99.9%) and low impurity profile (Fe <50 ppm, Ni <20 ppm, Cu <20 ppm) for use as anode material in Mg-ion battery research and for Mg-S or Mg-air electrochemical cell studies; trace transition metal impurities catalyze parasitic corrosion reactions that degrade Mg electrode efficiency
Magnesio	Spanish and Italian language equivalent; used in Spanish and Italian regulatory and technical documentation; also the name under which the element was characterized by Humphry Davy in 1808 by electrolytic reduction of magnesia (MgO)

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